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Deputy Director of the CEBM, GP and clinical lecturer at the University of Oxford.

Cardiology trainee and clinical research fellow at the University of Oxford

See Carl Heneghan in action in the CEBM's workshop videos.
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Atherosclerosis, or clogging up arteries, causes more deaths and more suffering than any other cause worldwide, most commonly in the form of heart attacks and strokes. Blocking of coronary arteries in the heart causes a spectrum of disease from angina to heart attacks, while blockages in cerebral arteries in the brain cause mini-strokes (transient ischaemic attacks or TIAs) and strokes. How best to prevent further strokes and heart attacks (secondary prevention) has occupied medical research for 40 years.
Myocardial infarction (MI) results from a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries and represents the largest single cause of death worldwide [1]. Even before the introduction of coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) in 1968, the focus of treatment and research was opening the blocked artery. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was first used in 1977, and includes angioplasty, bare-metal stents and more recently, drug-eluting stents (DES). Heart surgeons and cardiologists have argued for the last 30 years over the best way to open up coronary arteries.
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