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Deputy Director of the CEBM, GP and clinical lecturer at the University of Oxford.

Cardiology trainee and clinical research fellow at the University of Oxford

See Carl Heneghan in action in the CEBM's workshop videos.
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Atherosclerosis, or clogging up arteries, causes more deaths and more suffering than any other cause worldwide, most commonly in the form of heart attacks and strokes. Blocking of coronary arteries in the heart causes a spectrum of disease from angina to heart attacks, while blockages in cerebral arteries in the brain cause mini-strokes (transient ischaemic attacks or TIAs) and strokes. How best to prevent further strokes and heart attacks (secondary prevention) has occupied medical research for 40 years.
There are several historical lessons showing why the results of studies and trials should always be viewed in the broader context of all the knowledge in that area. The most commonly used cautionary tale is that of babies lying on their side and risk of sudden infant death. The unfortunately named Dr Benjamin Spock first published his famous book, “Baby and Child Care”, in 1946. In it, he advocated lying babies on their side and sold 19 million copies.
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