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Deputy Director of the CEBM, GP and clinical lecturer at the University of Oxford.

Cardiology trainee and clinical research fellow at the University of Oxford

See Carl Heneghan in action in the CEBM's workshop videos.
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Some things in life are certain. We are 100% sure that every human being will die at some point in their lifetime. Other things are close to 100% certain, but there is a small chance of an alternative outcome. When a person has a coronary angiogram to look at the arteries in their heart, we are 99.9% certain that they will have an uneventful procedure, but 0.1% of the time there will be a major complication such as bleeding, stroke, or a heart attack. If the person has had previous heart attacks or other illnesses, this chance increases and might reach as much as 2%.
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